نشریه آینده پژوهی مدیریت
سال بیست و یکم شماره 1 (پیاپی 84، بهار 1389)

In the banking industry, one issue that must always be considered by the credit policy makers is risk management. Among various risks which banks are dealing with, credit risk is most important. It is caused by the losses of disability or lack of tendency of borrowers to pay their credit obligations. To manage and control the mentioned risk, classification systems are undeniable requirement. Such systems, according to existent documents and information, determine the class of customers. It is evident that use of these systems helps bank to choose customers in a good way and through the control and reduction the credit risk, improves efficiency level of providing bank facilities. In This research artificial intelligent based classification model consist of support vector machine is used to predict bank legal customers financial performance. Indeed, in this paper SVM is used with other mechanisms like F-score and Grid search to increase the accuracy of the model and classify the legal customers. The results justify the improvements in the classification accuracy and demonstrate that SVM can provide the better accuracy than other models.

Good governance is a common subject on development of countries. Economic, political and social authors and thinkers during two recent decades faced various comments on good governance. Any of them defines good governance with particular dimensions and characteristics. This paper aimed to briefly review the literature of this subject and provides definitions of governance using a fresh view point and presents a novel model of good governance. Using two concepts of "ecology "and "decision making" there fore, this paper focuses on three major characteristics, that’s "efficiency", "effectiveness" and "equilibrium of ecologic" This paper supposes good governance as a multi – face or plural concept including all aspects of authorizing and power. Each aspect of efficiency and effectiveness in this point is divided in to administrative, economic, political and social components which indicating the focus of this paper on pluralism of governance. Characteristics and Indices are also presented for any of these components. Plotting the two dimensional diagram aims to show balances of efficiency and effectiveness and studies various balances of countries ecological texture and categorizes them regarding to above diagram and analyzes the governance condition in four different states through diagram. It finally recommends strategies to hold balance between two aforesaid aspects owing to different status of governance in terms of balance line. This paper concludes that good governance is result of keeping balance between efficiency and effectiveness along with continuous development of them and moving towards the higher levels of balance line. In other words, development is result of balance of rising trend of efficiency and effectiveness.

The growth of global competition and the necessity of attention to international matters led this research to engage in one of major subjects of International Marketing fields as “Country of Origin” (COO). This research, in frame of an explorative study assessed the role of COO in consumer’s evaluation about foreign products. In this way, consumers’ attitude specified about five different countries, including Japan, Germany, France, South Korea and China. The results show that based on COO, consumers’ attitude for foreign product attributes were different, and, just in a few from these attributes the differences between countries were not significant. Also the results indicate that when buying, consumers give the highest priority to Germany (68.2%). but, with knowing the special types of products, they prefer the German cars or Japanese home appliance . In Hygienic and Cosmetics they give the priority of first to France, second to Germany and at last Japan and in automobile to Germany, Japan and France respectively. Furthermore, in this research the effect of demographic variables were considered too.

In this thesis the effect of off-balance sheet financing on profitability ratios (ROA,ROE,ROI) in Tehran Stock Exchange has been studied. In fact, this study is an answer to this question that "what effects can off-balance sheet financing (operating lease) has on profitability ratios in Tehran Stock Exchange?" Off-balance sheet financing means investing or increasing firm´s capital (increase operating activities) according to law and accepted accounting concepts that all or part of that financing is not shown on balance sheet and profitability ratios evaluate firm´s efficiency and ability to make use of resources using sales revenue and investment. In this study causal-comparative method has been used. Which library method (exchange’s archive) were used for gathering needed information in theorical basis and financial information based audited financial statement. In this study, firm´s profitability ratios before and after off-balance sheet financing, and firms having and without off-balance sheet financing are compared. Hypothesizes analysis show that, from 1380-1385, off-balance sheet financing hasn’t had considerable effect on profitability ratios.

Nowadays the application of the e-commerce solutions for the enterprises is an important and unavoidable note, and if those enterprises do not consider it this will tend to declining in beneficiary and omitting them of contest consequently, one of the most important and useful strategy measures of enterprises is planning concerned with the application of these solutions, also detecting the barriers totheir application and introducing some suggestions for deleting them. The purpose of this study is detect and investigate the barriers to electronic business development in Zanjan enterprises, prioritizing the detected barriers and providing and providing research suggestions for removing them. In this study, the mentioned barriers were analyzed in terms of six fallowing categories as: cultural, infrastructure, legal, managing, humanity and economic ones. These categories were also subdivided and categorized in to 36 secondary factors. As the whole statistic population has been studied, so the descriptive statistic was used for studying the research questions and its advantage was considered as a practical research approach. The tool for data collecting was questionnaire which given to 170 enterprises for collecting different ideas and rating (The questionnaire verified in terms of validity and reliability). The results show that the priorities given to the main barriers are as follow respectively: legal, cultural, managing, infrastructure related humanity and economic barriers.

Economic management and a correct production is one of the important factors in managing of a system. One Dimension Cutting Stock Problem is a kind of Optimistic problem that cutting industry managers like steel ,plastic ,wood and etc. have to deal with it because of a great impact that cutting process has on production cost .Ability to use the wastage and concentrate the trim loss on minimum is an important factor for these managers. In fact , in this problem we have two important items ,Order list ,which is the little parts ,and Stock material ,which are the big parts .The main ail is to reduce the trim loss as well as supplying all the requirements .So we call this problem Cutting Stock Problem .we can study it in terms of Item Oriented or Pattern Oriented. Mostly, the manager aim is not only reducing the trim loss, but concentrate it on minimum number of the large objects So they can reduce the row material and trim loss costs and economically help to the system. In this paper the cutting stock problem is Item Oriented .In this way, an index for focusing the trim loss on minimum number of large objects will be introduce, Then with using Genetic algorithm, a new algorithm will be suggested and the problem will be solved by using the algorithm .Finally some random problems is generated and will be solved by this algorithm.

In the present competitive world of today, marketing people are looking for customers. One of the important communication means in business is promotion wich one of the tools is direct marketing. As science and technology progressed, direct marketing has extend more. As using direct marketing methods are cammon is developed countries, and they are also used in service organizations and nonprofit institutions, in this research the use of these means in non-profit servise organizations is analyzed.This research is based on practical and mensurable methods and it is limited to istatistic population of art organizations in Karaj in 2009. More over a number of software including SPSS Statistics 17, LISREL 8.54, SPLS M3 are used for analyzing the data. The data is gathered and proccesed via questionaries and the results are as following: The bigger the size of an art organizations is, the higher the degree of marketing effort will be; but it has no effect on formalization of the organization. The formalization of an art organization has no effect an external integration; however, it is directly related to managerial self confidence, marketing effort, and direct marketing implementation. The higher the managerial self confidence is, the better the direct marketing implementation will be. There are no relation between marketing effort and direct marketing implementation and seson ticket subscription; however, marketing effort causes the increase of sales performance and fundrising performance.

A fundamental assumption in cost accounting is that the relation between costs and volume is symmetric for volume increases and decreases. In this study, we investigate whether costs are "sticky"—that is, whether costs increase more when activity rises than they decrease when activity falls by an equivalent amount. Our studies and researches are showing, that selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) costs increase on average 0.43% per 1% increase in sales but decrease only 0.32% per 1% decrease in sales. This sticky cost behavior contradicts the traditional model which assumes that costs behave symmetrically for activity increases and decreases. Our analysis compares the traditional model of cost behavior in which costs move proportionately with changes in activity with an alternative model in which sticky costs occur because managers deliberately adjust the resources committed to activities. We test hypotheses about the properties of sticky costs and how the degree of stickiness of SG&A costs varies with firm circumstances.

The present research investigates the degree of the comprehensive quality maturity in the central libraries at the universities of medical sciences in Iran thus providing guidelines for their promotion. The objectives of the present research study lies in the determination of the level of the Comprehensive Quality Maturity using the EFQM model of evaluation(European Model of Quality Management ) as well as the determination of the relationship between the quality level of libraries and satisfaction of their users. The analytical measurement method was used in this research and conclusions drawn through comparison and evaluations made between the results and the EFQM model as the criteria of comparison. The research sample included all the vice-chancellors in research affairs and heads of the central libraries affiliated to the University of Medical Sciences in Iran the numbers of whom was deliberated through a simple count. Also using the sampling technique of Michael Mark & Julie Jonin (1983 ) a number of Academic Staff using the library were included. The data gathering tools comprised of a 50-item questionnaire based on the EFQM model made available to the research vice chancellors as well as the heads of the libraries and a 22-item user-satisfaction questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed through descriptive, inferential statistical procedures making use of minitab and spss statistics Analytical tools. The results of the analysis revealed that the central libraries of the Universities of Medical Sciences in Iran enjoy a level of commitment to excellence and all of the 5 enabler's criteria with regard to excellence stood loest . Also no relationship was observed between the ratings ( quality standards ) of the libraries and user satisfaction. In conclusion and with retrospect of the results revealed by this research, a number of suggestions were made to promote the degree and level of the comprehensive quality management in the said libraries.

From 1992,There have been discussions about the problems of implementation of financial indexes for performance evaluation, Also the measurement of intangible assets and eliminate the gap between definition and implementation of strategy, have interested the managers to consider the balanced scorecard and strategy map. This article investigates strategy map and its outcomes and challenges in two Iranian organizations. The Case study method and interview tool were selected for this applied research as research methodology. The samples in this research are two Iranian organizations that have applied this tool. The results indicate that implementation of strategy map, has helped organizations to empower team working and align organizational, informational and human capital with the organization strategies. In spite of some cultural and managerial problems, deploying this model has helped organizational development.

This research paper ,called student participation development in university, was performed for the purpose of recognition , of students participation development methods in Islamic Azad University activities in educational , studentship research and cultural dimension with survey method . All students (2700 people) and staff (701 members) from the University were statistic society for this research and 475 number of students and 780 number of officers chosen on the basis of Morgan sample volume determination table with systematic random method were statistic sample.The method for collecting data in this research is the questionnaire. After its experimental performance , its validity was calculated through the experts expressings and its reliability was calculated through Kernbakh alfa . and its co-efficient is 92/. Obtained data from performing questionnaire was calculated with descriptive statistics which includes plentifulness and percentage , mean and standard deviation of examinable answers . Factor analysis with inferential help has been used for students participation recognition and T test has been used in order to compare tow groups of students and staff. Obtained results from analyzed data in exploratory factor analysis way demonstrates that students 25 dimensions in educational affairs domain , student affairs domain , research affairs domain and in cultural affairs domain which will be presented in detail in research findings segment . Also obtainedresults from T test certainly demonstrate that 95% of students and staff of the University (karaj branch) are unanimous about the students participation methods in university activities in educational , students , research and cultural dimensions which have been presented in research findings. In the other words , there is not a considerable difference between the two mentioned groups in regard to the students participation development ways . Therefore it is suggested that , in order to develop students participation in university activities , the grounds of excution of the presented ways in the present research should be provided .